The categorisation of words into classes Santiago Arias Colombia Jersey , such as noun, verb, and adjective is a complex process that involves parsing the input for morphological, syntactic, and semantic cues.2 Morphological cues encompass both derivations and inflections; while derivational morphemes can change the lexical category of a base word (e.g. indicate – indication), inflectional morphemes serve to identify words as members of a particular class (e.g. English words that are inflected with and are necessarily verbs). Syntactic cues are also of critical importance to word class assignment; these are the co-occurrence properties of a word with adjacent lexical items, that is Roger Martinez Colombia Jersey , the distribution of certain classes of words.
For example, English verbs are often preceded by Jo-forms; this is one of the syntactic cues that distinguishes them from adjectives, which are typically preceded by a form of be or get (cf. Braine, 1987; Maratsos, 1988). Syntactic cues of this type are viewed as essential to the categorisation of words into classes, as demonstrated by connectionist models (Finch & Chater, 1992 Robinson Zapata Colombia Jersey , 1994), statistical networks of large language corpora (Redington & Chater, 1998), artificial language-learning studies (Mintz, 2002), and studies of child-directed speech (Cartwright & Brent, 1997; Mintz Radamel Falcao Colombia Jersey , 2003; Mintz et al., 2002; Redington, Chater, & Finch, 1998). Finally, word meaning may also be an indicator of word class. For L2 learners, using semantic information in assigning word class means finding the LI equivalent. For example Marlos Moreno Colombia Jersey , upon learning the word libra in Spanish, an English-speaking learner can simply rely on the LI equivalent (‘book’) and correctly classify the new word as a noun. In this sense, positive transfer is expected to occur in the semantic domain because L1-L2 exact equivalents will belong to the same word class (Sunderman & Kroll, 2006).
Viewed in this way, word class is not strictly a problem of vocabulary learning but rather one of categorisation; the learner must attend to multiple linguistic cues (morphological, syntactic, and semantic) in order to arrive at the correct classification of lexical items in the input. In order to exploit syntactic cues to word class Juan Guillermo Cuadrado Colombia Jersey , the learner must already know something about the distributional regularities of the language. Crucially, this entire process is understood to be largely implicit. Ellis (2007, p. 21) defines implicit learning as the ‘acquisition of knowledge about the underlying structure of a complex stimulus environment by a process that takes place naturally, simply, and without conscious operations’. The fact that adult native speakers are often unable to verbalise their knowledge of word classes is strong evidence for the implicit mode of learning.
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